Basic knowledge of Computer (Computer knowledge)

INDEX

1. CHARLES BABBAGE

1.       Computer

2.       World’s first Biggest Computer

3.       How a computer mouse works

4.       Pentium processor

5.       Dynamic memory gets faster

6.       Tiny Chip

7.       Computer bug

8.       Disc-DVD

9.       Chess Playing Computer

2.       CHRISTOPHER SHOLES

1.       The First Typewriter

3.       VINTON G. CERF

1.       The Web

4.       ADAM OSBORNE

5.       NARENDRA K. KARMARKAR

                                                                                                                                 

1.    CHARLES BABBAGE

Born : 26 DECEMBER 1791

His analytical engine was the fore runner of recent computers.
The calculating engines of English mathematician Charles Babbage are among the foremost celebrated icons within the prehistory of computing. Babbage is Engine No.1 was the primary successful automatic calculator. Babbage is usually mentioned as “father of computing”.

As a youth Babbage was his own instructor in algebra, of which he was passionately fond and was well read within the continental mathematics of his day. Upon entering Trinity college, Cambridge in 1811, he found himself far beforehand of his tutors in mathematics. Babbage co-founded the Analytical Society for promoting continental mathematics and reforming the mathematics of Newton then taught at the university.

In his twenties Babbage worked as a mathematician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1816 and played a prominent part within the foundation of the Astronomical society in 1820. it had been about this point that Babbage first acquired the interest in calculating machinery that became his consuming passion for the rest of his life.

In 1821 Babbage invented the Difference Engine to compile mathematical tables. On completing it in 1832, he conceived the thought of higher machine that would perform any quite calculation. This was the Analytical Engine (1856), which was intended as a general symbol manipulator and had a number of the characteristics of today’s computers.

Unfortunately, little remains of Babbage’s prototype computing machines. Critical tolerances required by his machines exceeded the extent of technology available at the time. And, though Babbage’s work was formally recognized by respected scientific institutions, British government suspended funding for his Difference Engine in 1832 and after an agonizing waiting period, ended the project in 1842. Though Babbage’s work was continued by his son, Henry Prevost Babbage, after his death in 1871, the Analytical Engine was never successfully completed and ran only a few of “programs” with embarrassingly obvious errors.

1.    Computer

COMPUTERS do many different jobs, from data processing to flying aircraft. A computer can perform different tasks because it's a general purpose electronic machine., controlled by a computer virus . Change the program and therefore the computer does a replacement job. A computer stores data like numbers, words, sounds and pictures, and processes it under direction of the program.

The first computers to work in the same way as today’s were developed in the 1940s. These huge machines used thousands of thermionic valves. Computers became far smaller with the introduction of integrated circuits within the 1950, and have continued to become more powerful.

2.    World’s first Biggest Computer

World's First Biggest Computer

‘Eniyak’ was world’s first and biggest Computer. It was used for only calculation. ‘Eniyak’ was made in 1945. It was 1500 sq.ft. large and it’s weight was 65000 pound. This was first computer , which was having 18000 valves.

3.    How a computer mouse works

Mouse

A small rubber boll occupies a socket on the underside of a mouse and rolls when the mouse slides across a flat surface. The ball turns two axles. One moves in response to movements backwards and forwards, the opposite in response to movements right and left. Each picked up by sensors and sent along a wire to the pc . A mouse also has one or more buttons. When pressed, the button turns on a circuit that sends a signal to the computer to say the button is in use.

4.    Pentium processor

Intel- the company at the forefront of silicon revolution has launched the Pentium, the fastest microprocessor chip on the market. The Pentium processor is impressive – it has 3.1 million transistors and can carry out an amazing 90 million instructions per second. The new chip promises a five – fold increase in performance over Intel’s previous chip, the 486. This makes it 1500 times faster than the first Intel microprocessor introduced in 1971.

5.    Dynamic memory gets faster

Random access memory (RAM) is that the best-known sort of memory , and it's now become even faster. Memory chips are integrated circuits made from many transistors and capacitors. the foremost common sort of this memory is dynamic-RAM, where a transistor and capacitor are paired up to make a memory cell, which represents one piece of knowledge . This dynamic sort of memory has got to be constantly refreshed or the and slows down the memory. However, the new 64 bit memory chips are much faster than previous memory chips, and have made memory far more efficient.

6.    Tiny Chip

In the 1950s, G. Drummer, an engineer in England, spent a few years performing on radar systems. Thanks to the transistor, these systems became smaller and more reliable. Drummer considered the implications of such miniaturization. His work led in time to the development of the integrated circuit., or silicon chip. Altogather, there are more than 10000 components on a chip just one centimeter square.

7.    Computer bug

Computer Bug

Mathematician Grace Murray Hopper had discovered a ‘computer bug.’ A lieutenant in the US Navy, she had been working at Harvard University on the IBM Mark 1, the first large-scale automatic calculator. The Mark 1 unexpectedly broke down after several weeks of running smoothly. After opening up the machine, Hopper attempted to track down the source of the problem – she discovered that a moth had infiltrated into the heart of the machine and caused a short circuit.

Grace Murray Hopper has coined the term ‘bug’ to refer to all unexplained computer failures.

8.    Disc-DVD

It looks like a standard audio compact disk (CD), but the digital versatile disc (DVD) can do far more . The main difference between the two is that the DVD can store many times more data than a CD-anything that has been “translated” into digital, computer-readable code, such as computer files, software, audio, still pictures and movies. The discs are being produced in several forms: read-only discs; suitable for computer games or films, blank discs; for copying; and rewritable discs that can be recorded over again and again.

9.    Chess Playing Computer

In 1985, student Feng-hsiung Hsu began to develop a chess-playing computer. Twelve years later this computer- IBM’s Deep Blue-has stunned the planet by beating the planet chess champion Garry Kasparov. the foremost amazing fact about Deep Blue is its sheer speed: it's ready to examine 200 million different chess positions per second.

2.    CHRISTOPHER SHOLES

Born : 14, February 1819

He invented the sort writer machine.

Christopher Latham Sholes is an American who contributed to the event of the typewriter.
The idea for the typewriter started at Kleinsteubers workshop in Milwaukee will always be referred to as the town of festivals. except for a get few, Milwaukee is understood because the birthplace of the typewriter.

In 1864, he and a lover , Samuel W. Soule’, were granted a patent for a page numbering machine. A fellow inventor mechanic, Carlos Glidden, suggested to Sholes that he might rework his device into a letter printer and referred him to a printed account of an article machine devised by John Pratt of London. Sholes was so intrigued by the thought that he spent the rest of his life on the project.

Along with Glidden and Soule, Sholes was granted a patent for the typewriter on Midsummer Eve , 1868. Later improvements gained him two more patents; but thanks to difficulty in raising money for development, he sold his patent rights. In 1873, Sholes sold the rights for $12000 to the Remington Arms Company, a firm well equipped with machinery and skill to hold out the event work that resulted within the machine being marketed because the Remington Typewriter.

The first practical typewriter marketed by the Remington Arms company in 1873. His invention, the typewriter, has made possible the pc Age and therefore the information revolution of today. Try picturing a private computer without Sholes’ keyboard .

1.    The First Typewriter

The First Typewriter

The first successful typewriter was produced within the 1860s by American printer Christopher Latham Scholes. Scholes sold his patents to the Remington Company and that they began to manufacture the machine in 1874. It didn't catch on initially , but Remington hit on the thought of lending the businesses , who later wanted to shop for them. These early machines already had a ‘QERTY’ key board layout. Scholes chose this layout to stay frequaently used keys apart, slowing down the typist and preventing the keys from jamming.

3.    VINTON G. CERF

Born : 23 June 1943

He is Father of Internet.

Widely mentioned together among the “Fathers of the online ,” Cerf is that the co-designer of the TCP/IP protocols and thus the architecture of the online .
 In December 1997, Clinton presented the U.S. National Medal of Technology to Cerf and his colleague, Rob-ert E. Kahn, for founding and developing the web . Kahn and Cerf were named the recipients of the ACM Alan M. Turning award, sometimes called the “Nobel Prize of computing ,” in 2004 for his or her work on the web protocols. In November 2005, President George Bush awarded Cerf and Kahn the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his or her work. The medal is that the highest civilian award given by the us to its citizens.

Cerf holds a bachelor of science degree in Mathematics from Stanford University and master of science and Ph.D. degrees in computing from UCLA.

Prior to rejoining MCI in 1994, Cerf was vice chairman of the Corporation for National Research Initiatives. As vice chairman of MCI Digital Information services from 1982-1986, he led the engineering of MCI Mail, the primary commercial email service to be connected to the web .

During his tenure from 1976-1982 with the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Cerf played a key role leading the event of Internet and Internet-related packet data and security technologies.

Parents of hard of hearing children don't got to look any longer for a successful business model than Vinton Cerf.

His wife, Sigrid, whom he met at a hearing aid instrument practioners office, is deaf and therefore the recipient of a cochlear implant. On the board of Gallaudet University, Cerf has demonstrated sensitivity to the requirements of deaf and hard of hearing students through actions like supporting computer-building programs for deaf students.

Cerf was hired by Google in 2005. At Google, Cerf is liable for exploring new internet applications. His title at Google is “chief Internet evangelist.”

1.    The Web

The Internet may be a vast network that stretches right round the world, made from many many computers. Data can travel from any computer on the network to the other computer. the web began within the 1960s, when research agencies within the USA built their own communications network. Other organizations, like universities, gradually more popular within the 1990s, the web began expanding rapidly, with anybody having the ability to use it via a telephone line.

4.    ADAM OSBORNE

Born : 6 March 1939

He invented the laptop pc

Adam Osborne was an entrepreneur most famously known for the first pc , but also was an author who made a successful enter publishing computer books and software.

Osborne’s father was British and his mother was Polish. He was born to British parents in Thailand and spent much of his childhood in India after his parents be came devotees of the famous sage Raman Maharshi. He attended school and graduated from the University of Birmingham in 1961 and received his Ph. D. from the University of Delaware. Adam’s career began as a chemical engineer working for Shell Oil then left within the carly 1970’s to pursue his interests in computers and technical writing.

In 1981 Adam introduced the primary personal computer the Osborne. the pc weighed 23.5 pounds and price $1795, just over half the value of a computer from other manufacturers with comparable features, the pc ran the favored CP/M OS and featured a full Keyboard and a small 5” built-in monochrome monitor. the corporate shipped over 10000 computers a month and was considered an enormous success, earning $6 million in 1981 and by subsequent year into the $68 million range.

Adam was a pioneer within the computer book industry. He founded Osborne Publishing in 1972, Specializing in easy-to-follow computer manuals. By 1977 Osborne had over 40 titles in its catalog. In 1979 he sold his company to McGraw Hill for a rumored $3 million, using the cash to launch Osborne Computer.

Software Publishing: In 1984 Adam founded Paperback Software International, which specialized in inexpensive computer software. The company’s ads featured Osborne himself arguing that if telephone companies applied the same logic to their pricing as software companies, a telephone would cost $600.

In 1992 Adam returned to his range in India after affected by several massive strokes caused by an incurable encephalopathy . He died in relative obscurity in Kodaikanal, India at age 64.

5.    NARENDRA K. KARMARKAR

Born : 1957

He used computers to unravel problem of lifestyle .

Narendra K. karmarkar, Indian mathematician, is renowned for developing a replacement algorithm (Karmarkar’ algorithm) for solving applied mathematics problems in polynomial time. the importance of his invention lies within the incontrovertible fact that it had been the primary algorithm to unravel applied mathematics problems which had an honest time period both theoretically and in practice. it's stimulated the event of several other interior point methods, a number of which are utilized in current codes for solving linear programs. Today Karmarkar may be a professor at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay.

In 1984, Narendra Karmarkar (BTech EE 78) made a groundbreaking discovery n the sector of applied mathematics while performing at the famed Bell Labs in New Jersey. The Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) awarded him the distinguished Paris Kanellakis Award for his work.

Linear Programming may be a specific class of mathematical problems, during which a linear function is maximized (or minimized) subject to given linear constraints.

The founders of the topic are generally considered George B. Dantzig, who devised the simplex method in 1947, and John von Neumann , who established the idea of duality that very same year.

The simplex method has been the quality technique for solving a linear program since the 1940’sIn 1979, Leonid Khaciyan presented the ellipsoid method, In practice, however, the simplex method is way superior to the ellipsoid method.

My view about this post (Conclusion)

It shows basic computer information. The first computer in the world whose name is Eniyak has also been reported. It also shows how the mouse works and information such as a Pentium processor or Intel. If you've ever heard the words memory like this, it also shows how the RAM in it works. Tiny chip, Computer Bug, Disc-DVD, chess playing computer etc are featured in this post. The first successful typewriter is written in when it was created. This post answered all the questions about who the Father of the Internet is and who invented the laptop. This post is a must read for all students and students in the field of computer.